CPD Questions (Estimation of PAP)

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1. Which three pulmonary artery pressures can be estimated using echocardiography?:

A. PASP, mPAP, and PVRB. PASP, mPAP, and PAEDPC. PCWP, LAP, and PASPD. RVSP, RAP, and PAEDPE. PASP, RVEDP, and mPAP

2. In the absence of tricuspid stenosis, the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) is considered equivalent to which of the following?:

A. Mean right atrial pressure (RAP)B. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)C. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)D. Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAEDP)E. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP)

3. According to the study by Ristow et al., an end-diastolic pulmonary regurgitation (EDPR) gradient of what value predicted heart failure hospitalization and mortality?:

A. > 2 mmHgB. > 3 mmHgC. > 5 mmHgD. > 7 mmHgE. > 10 mmHg

4. What is a key continuous wave (CW) Doppler clue for the presence of severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR)?:

A. A very high end-diastolic velocityB. The PR signal terminates before the end of diastoleC. The PR signal persists throughout the entire cardiac cycleD. A holosystolic signal above the baselineE. A peak velocity exceeding 4 m/s

5. Why might severe PR be easily missed if using colour Doppler imaging (CDI) alone?:

A. The velocity is too high for CDI to detect.B. CDI can only detect systolic flows.C. Severe PR always occurs in the absence of a visible pulmonary valve.D. CDI cannot visualize flows in the right heart.E. PR is a low-velocity flow that often appears laminar.

6. Haemodynamically, pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) at rest of::

A. > 15 mmHgB. > 20 mmHgC. > 25 mmHgD. > 30 mmHgE. > 45 mmHg

7. The dicrotic notch on a pulmonary artery pressure trace reflects which physiological event?:

A. Closure of the pulmonary valveB. Opening of the pulmonary valveC. Right ventricular relaxation constantD. Peak right ventricular ejectionE. Atrial contraction

8. Which measurement corresponds to the dicrotic notch on a PR Doppler trace and is used to estimate mPAP?:

A. PR velocity at atrial contractionB. Early diastolic PR velocityC. End-diastolic PR velocityD. Mid-diastolic PR velocityE. Mean velocity of the PR jet

9. When an a-dip is present on the PR Doppler trace, where is the recommended point to measure the end-diastolic PR velocity?:

A. At the pre "a-dip"B. At the post "a-dip"C. Exactly in the middle of the a-dipD. At the peak of the ECG P-waveE. At the start of the ECG T-wave

10. In the context of pulmonary artery pressures, the PAEDP is particularly valuable because it serves as a surrogate for which of the following?:

A. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)B. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP)C. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)D. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)E. Right ventricular stroke volume

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CPD Questions (Estimation of PAP)

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