CPD Questions (PE&Tamponade)

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1. What is the recommended timing within the cardiac cycle for measuring pericardial effusion size?:

A. End-systoleB. Mid-diastoleC. Peak systoleD. End-diastoleE. During inspiration only

2. Why are pericardial effusions usually not visualised over the left atrium?:

A. The left atrium is too smallB. The left atrium has thicker myocardiumC. The mitral valve obscures the viewD. Pericardial fluid cannot collect posteriorlyE. The posterior left atrium is not fully covered by pericardium

3. Which description best characterises an exudative pericardial effusion on echocardiography?:

A. Completely echo-free fluidB. Uniformly anechoic fluid without strandingC. Fluid with stranding, adhesions, or uneven distributionD. Small circumferential collection onlyE. Associated with a bright calcified pericardium

5. Which is considered one of the earliest echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade?:

A. Dilated IVCB. Dilated IVC with reduced respiratory collapseC. Right ventricular diastolic collapseD. Right ventricular systolic collapseE. Right atrial collapse

6. Right ventricular diastolic collapse in cardiac tamponade occurs when::

A. LV diastolic pressure exceeds RV diastolic pressureB. Intrapericardial pressure exceeds RV diastolic pressureC. Pulmonary artery pressure falls and RV diastolic pressure increasesD. RA pressure exceeds RV diastolic pressureE. Intrapericardial pressure increases with a decrease in systemic blood pressure

7. Which echocardiographic feature has a very high negative predictive value for cardiac tamponade?:

A. RA/RV collapse and IVC plethoraB. RA/RV collapse with a normal IVC sizeC. Absence of RA/RV collapse and IVC plethoraD. Absence of RA/RV collapse with a dilated IVCE. IVC plethora only

8. A respiratory variation in mitral inflow E velocity greater than what percentage is consistent with cardiac tamponade?:

A. 10%B. 20%C. 30%D. 40%E. 60%

9. During inspiration in cardiac tamponade physiology, which of the following does NOT occur?:

A. Mitral E velocity decreasesB. Leftward shift of the interventricular septumC. RV cavity size increasesD. Tricuspid E velocity decreasesE. Pulmonary venous D velocity increases

10. Which Doppler finding occurs in the hepatic veins during expiration in cardiac tamponade physiology?:

A. Increased diastolic velocity onlyB. Increased systolic velocity onlyC. Marked reduction in atrial reversal velocityD. Marked increase in atrial reversal velocityE. Decreased systolic and diastolic velocities

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